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Quantum computing is an emerging field that leverages the principles of quantum mechanics to process information in fundamentally different ways from classical computers. Unlike classical bits, which can represent either a 0 or a 1, quantum bits, or qubits, can exist in a state of superposition, meaning they can represent both 0 and 1 simultaneously. This property enables quantum computers to perform certain calculations much more efficiently than traditional computers.
Another key principle of quantum mechanics utilized in quantum computing is entanglement, where pairs or groups of qubits become interconnected such that the state of one qubit directly influences the state of another, regardless of the distance separating them. This phenomenon allows for highly parallel processing and contributes to the potential power of quantum computing
Stern–Gerlach experiment
Stern–Gerlach experiment
The Stern–Gerlach experiment, conducted in 1922 by Otto Stern and Walther Gerlach, was pivotal in demonstrating the quantized nature of particle properties, specifically angular momentum. In this experiment, a beam of silver atoms was directed through an inhomogeneous magnetic field, leading to the beam's bifurcation into two distinct paths. This outcome provided empirical evidence that particles possess intrinsic angular momentum, or spin, which can adopt discrete values.
Experimental Setup and Observations:
Beam Formation: Silver atoms were vaporized in a vacuum and collimated into a narrow beam using precision slits.
Magnetic Field Interaction: The collimated beam traversed a non-uniform magnetic field, which exerted differential forces on the magnetic moments of the atoms.
Detection: Upon exiting the magnetic field, the atoms impacted a detection screen, revealing two distinct spots corresponding to the two possible spin states.
Classical physics would predict a continuous distribution of deflections due to varying orientations of magnetic moments. However, the discrete bifurcation observed in the Stern–Gerlach experiment confirmed the quantum mechanical principle that certain properties, like angular momentum, are quantized.
Significance:
The experiment substantiated the concept of space quantization, illustrating that the orientation of angular momentum is restricted to specific directions relative to an external magnetic field. This finding was instrumental in the development of quantum mechanics, influencing subsequent theories and experiments concerning particle spin and magnetic properties.
Qubit:
Qubit is representation of 'bit' (primary building block of computers) in quantum space. Qubit can take any value between 0 and 1 called as 'superposition state'. 'Measurements' collapses 'superposition state' to 'basis state' in terms of probability.
Qubit is represented in terms of 'basis states' |0> and |1>.
Qubit exabit the properties such as indeterminism, uncertainty, interference, superposition, entanglement, tunneling.
Qubits can be represented in terms of probability. Eigen vector is use to represent the position of qubit in space. Position determines the state of qubit.
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